Components of the Immune System: Tonsils

The previous article entitled, “Components of the Immune System,” listed all the body parts involved in immune system functions. This article will take a closer look at how one component, the tonsils, play a role in protecting the body against harmful bacteria and viruses.

Tonsils are gland-like structures on the sides of the throat that carry lymph (a fluid that bathes the cells in water and nutrients). Their main function is to help your immune system by catching bacteria and viruses that are passing through your throat. Unfortunately, sometimes tonsils don’t perform their job very well, and they can often become a hindrance on your health.

There are four types of tonsils: Tubal, Palatine, Pharyngeal and Lingual. Most commonly, the term “tonsils” refers to the Palatine tonsils, located in the back of the throat. They are continuously engaged in local immune responses to microorganisms, and if they become overwhelmed they may be unable to function appropriately.

There are several complications that can occur in the Palatine Tonsils.

• “Tonsil Stones” occur when tiny holes in the surface of the tonsils known as “crypts” get filled with bacterial colonies and harden. Many people with Sinusitis are suffering from Tonsil Stones. This condition can cause foul breath and throat irritation.
• “Acute Tonsillitis” is the inflammation of the tonsils. Signs of Tonsillitis include sore throat, fever, and difficulty swallowing. The tonsils may appear enlarged, but are often regular size. The best indication of the condition is the color of the tonsils. If they appear very red and seem to be secreting any fluid, it is important to see a doctor.
• “Tonsillar Hypertrophy” is the obstructive swelling of the tonsils. This condition is the most common reason for a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Symptoms include loud snoring accompanied by periods of irregular breathing, nocturnal choking and coughing, frequent awakenings with restless sleep, and behavioral changes.

When Tonsil Stones become exceedingly large and symptomatic, it may be necessary to have them surgically removed. This is a relatively simple procedure. Most doctors use general anesthesia, but in some cases a local numbing agent is all the patient needs for the surgery. Tonsillectomies are the most common surgeries performed on children, although the number of procedures has gone from 1,000,000 per year in the 1950’s to about 600,000 in the 1990’s.

Tonsil Stones don’t always require surgical removal; in fact, many cases require no special treatment at all. Gargling with salt water may be all you need to relieve discomfort associated with tonsillitis and tonsil stones. In more serious cases, antibiotics can be used to treat tonsil stones, but these drugs often have harmful side effects and don’t treat the basic problem causing the condition.

Diagram of the Palatine Tonsils